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Structural Theories
Structural Theories focus on individual characteristics and occupational tasks.
Trait and Factor
This theory began with Frank Parsons, who proposed that a choice of a vocation depended upon:
- Accurate knowledge of yourself
- Thorough knowledge of job specifications
- The ability to make a proper match between the two
Two major assumptions of trait and factor theory are:
- Individuals and job traits can be matched.
- Close matches are positively correlated with job success and satisfaction.
Vocational Personalities and Environments
John Holland suggested that "people can function and develop best and find job satisfaction in work environments that are compatible with their personalities." Holland based his theory of personality types on several assumptions:
- People tend to choose careers that are reflective of their personalities.
- Because people tend to be attracted to certain jobs, the environment reflects their personalities.
Holland classified personality types and work environments into six types:
| Type |
Activities |
Occupations |
| Realistic |
Working with tools and machines |
Farmer, Carpenter, Mechanical Engineer |
| Investigative |
Working ideas and theories |
Chemist |
| Artistic |
Creating things |
Painter, Writer |
| Social |
Helping people |
Social Worker, Counselor |
| Enterprising |
Leading others |
Sales Representative, Entrepreneur |
| Conventional |
Organizing data |
Auditor |
Each of us has elements of all six types, but one type is usually evidenced most strongly.
Socioeconomic Theory
Socioeconomic theory is also known as the "chance" or "accident" theory. This approach to understanding career development suggests that many people follow the path of least resistance in their career development by simply falling into whatever work opportunities happen to come their way.
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